Which of the following best describes a primary source of research data?

A primary source of research data is characterized by the direct collection of data through methods such as surveys. Surveys involve gathering original data directly from individuals or groups, allowing researchers to obtain firsthand information on opinions, behaviors, or experiences. This approach provides raw data that has not been previously analyzed or interpreted, which is fundamental for original research.

In contrast, published studies and government reports are secondary sources. They summarize, interpret, or analyze data that has already been collected, meaning they do not provide new, firsthand information. Similarly, textbooks compile knowledge and findings from various sources but do not present original data collected through research. Thus, among the options provided, surveys distinctly represent a primary source of research data.