What is the financial transaction called where an amount of money is borrowed for a specific period and must be paid back with interest?

The term that describes a financial transaction in which money is borrowed for a specific period and must be repaid with interest is a loan. In this arrangement, the borrower receives a sum of money from a lender with a clear understanding of when the money will be repaid and the interest that will be charged on that principal amount. Loans can vary in terms of duration, interest rates, and repayment schedules, and they are often used for personal expenses, business capital, or property purchases.

Other options like a deposit refer to money placed into an account, which does not involve borrowing but rather saving money. A grant is a sum of money given by an organization, particularly a government or non-profit, for a specific purpose that does not require repayment, meaning it is not a borrowing arrangement. A bond, on the other hand, is a financial instrument used by various entities to raise capital, where the issuer borrows funds from investors and agrees to pay them back at a specified interest rate over a set period, but it is distinct from loans due to its nature of being tradable securities. Therefore, the correct answer aligns with the definition and process of borrowing money, highlighting how a loan functions within financial transactions.